मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की मृत्यु थट्टा में हुई थी। उस समय फीरोज तुगलक शाही खेमे में उपस्थित था। मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के कोई पुत्र नहीं था। प्रधानमन्त्री ख्वाजाजहाँ ने दिल्ली का तख्त हड़पने की नीयत से एक अल्पवयस्क बालक को विगत सुल्तान का पुत्र घोषित कर दिया और स्वयं उसका संरक्षक बन गया किंतु दिल्ली के अमीरों को उसकी यह कार्यवाही पसंद नहीं आई इसलिये उन्होंने नये सुल्तान का मनोनयन करने के लिये अमीरों की एक सभा बुलाई।
फीरोज तुगलक का प्रारम्भिक जीवन
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के बाद फीरोजशाह तुगलक दिल्ली के तख्त पर बैठा। फरोजशाह का जन्म 1309 ई. में हुआ था। उसके पिता का नाम सिपहसालार रजब तुगा तथा माता का नाम बीबी नैला था। सिपहसालार रजब तुगा, सुल्तान गयासुद्दीन तुगलक का भाई था और बीबी नैला, पूर्वी पंजाब में दिपालपुर के भट्टी सूबेदार रणमल की पुत्री थी। राजपूत स्त्री का पुत्र होते हुए भी फीरोज कट्टर मुसलमान था और उसे हिन्दुओं से घृणा थी। मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक फीरोज को अपना उत्तराधिकारी बनाना चाहता था।
दिल्ली के तख्त की प्राप्ति
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की मृत्यु हो जाने पर अमीरों, सेना के सरदारों तथा उलेमाओं ने सुल्तान का उत्तराधिकारी नियुक्त करने के लिए एक सभा की। शेख नासिरूद्दीन अवधी ने फीरोज का नाम प्रस्तावित किया। विचार-विमर्श के उपरान्त निर्वाचन समिति ने इस प्रस्ताव को स्वीकार कर लिया। फलतः फीरोज उत्तराधिकारी घोषित कर दिया गया। फीरोज धार्मिक प्रवृत्ति का व्यक्ति था। उसे राज्य की बिल्कुल आकांक्षा नहीं थी। इसलिये उसने अमीरों के प्रस्ताव को अस्वीकार कर दिया और मक्का जाने की इच्छा प्रकट की परन्तु अमीरों के दबाव के कारण तथा साम्राज्य के हित में उसने राज्य की बागडोर ग्रहण करना स्वीकार कर लिया। 22 मार्च 1351 को 42 वर्ष की आयु में थट्टा के निकट शाही खेमे में उसका राज्याभिषेक हुआ।
फीरोज तुगलक की समस्याएँ
यद्यपि अमीरों, सरदारों तथा उलेमाओं ने फीरोज तुगलक को विधिवत् सुल्तान निर्वाचित कर लिया था और वह निर्विरोध दिल्ली के तख्त पर बैठ गया था परन्तु उसका मार्ग पूर्णतः निरापद नहीं था। उसे निम्नलिखित समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ा-
(1.) ख्वाजाजहाँ तथा विगत सुल्तान के पुत्र की समस्या: सल्तनत का प्रधानमन्त्री ख्वाजाजहाँ, फीरोज को सुल्तान बनाने के पक्ष में नहीं था। वह खुदाबन्दजादा के अल्पवयस्क पुत्र को जो सुल्तान मुहम्मद का भान्जा था, सुल्तान का पुत्र घोषित करके उसके अधिकारों का समर्थन कर रहा था।
(2.) सिंध से सुरक्षित निकलने की समस्या: मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की मृत्यु के समय शाही खेमा राजधानी से सैंकड़ों मील दूर युद्ध के मैदान में था जिसे अफरा-तफरी के माहौल में शत्रुओं द्वारा नष्ट कर दिये जाने की आशंका थी।
(3.) प्रजा को सन्तुष्ट करने की समस्या: फीरोज के तख्त पर बैठने के समय सल्तनत की अधिकांश प्रजा तुगलकों के शासन से असंतुष्ट थी और आर्थिक संकट से घिरी हुई थी। सुल्तान के लिये यह समस्या अत्यन्त भयानक तथा घातक थी। राज्य के हित में इसका सुलझना नितान्त आवश्यक था अन्यथा साम्राज्य का विनाश हो सकता था।
(4.) रिक्त राजकोष की समस्या: मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की योजनाओं की विफलताओं एवं विद्रोहों के कारण राज्य की आर्थिक दशा खराब हो चुकी थी। ख्वाजाजहाँ ने भी अमीरों का समर्थन प्राप्त करने के लिये काफी धन लुटा दिया था। स्वयं फीरोज ने सरकारी कर्ज माफ कर दिया तथा लोगों से विगत सुल्तान के लिये क्षमादान पत्र लिखवाने हेतु भी बहुत सा धन बांट दिया। इससे सरकारी कोष लगभग रिक्त हो गया।
(5.) अमीरों तथा उलेमाओं को नियंत्रण में रखने की समस्या: फीरोज की पांचवी समस्या अमीरों तथा उलेमाओं को प्रसन्न करके उन्हें अपने नियंत्रण एवं विश्वास में रखने की थी। मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की नीति से अमीर तथा उलेमा अत्यन्त अप्रसन्न हो गये थे। इसलिये वह नीति अब चलने वाली नहीं थी।
(6.) विद्रोही प्रान्तों की समस्या: फीरोज की छठी समस्या विद्रोही प्रान्तों की थी। जिन प्रान्तों ने विद्रोह कर दिया था, उन्हें पराजित करके फिर से सल्तनत के अधीन करना आवश्यक था।
(7.) शासन की समस्या: फीरोज की छठवीं समस्या शासन को सुव्यवस्थित करने की थी। मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक ने भारतीय अमीरों की अयोग्यता को देखते हुए विदेशी अमीरों को शासन में उच्च अधिकार दिये थे किंतु फीरोज को भारत के तुर्की अमीरों तथा उलेमाओं ने सुल्तान बनाया था इसलिये उसे उन्हीं में से उच्च अधिकारी चुनने थे।
समस्याओं का निराकरण
(1.) ख्वाजाजहाँ तथा विगत सुल्तान के कथित पुत्र की हत्या: यद्यपि फीरोज तख्त पर बैठ गया था परन्तु भविष्य में चलकर इस बालक के कारण कठिनाई उत्पन्न हो सकती थी। इसलिये अपनी स्थिति को सुदृढ़ बनाने के लिए फीरोज ने ख्वाजाजहाँ की हत्या करवा दी और विगत सुल्तान के कथित पुत्र को भी अपने मार्ग से हटा दिया। इस कारण इस समस्या से सदा के लिये छुटकारा मिल गया।
(2.) सिंध से सुरक्षित निष्कासन: यदि अमीरों में सुल्तान के विषय में झगड़ा चलता रहता तो निःसंदेह शाही खेमा दो भागों में बंट जाता, ऐसी स्थिति में शत्रुओं द्वारा उनके विनाश की पूरी संभावना थी किंतु चूंकि ख्वाजाजहाँ तथा उसके द्वारा घोषित मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के पुत्र की हत्या हो गई इसलये शाही खेमा एक जुट बना रहा और सुरक्षित राजधानी लौट आया।
(3.) प्रजा को संतुष्ट करने के लिये कर्जों एवं करों की माफी: ख्वाजाजहाँ ने राजकोष का जो धन लोगों में बांट दिया था, फीरोज ने उस धन को वापस लेने का प्रयत्न नहीं किया। इससे लोगों की प्रसन्नता की सीमा न रही और वे सुल्तान के समर्थक बन गये। जिन लोगों पर सरकार का कर्जा था, फीरोज ने उस कर्जे को भी माफ कर दिया। इससे भी बहुत से लोग नये सुल्तान के कृतज्ञ बन गये। जिन लोगों को मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के शासन काल में यातनाएँ सहनी पड़ी थीं तथा क्षति उठानी पड़ी थी, उन्हें धन देकर संतुष्ट किया गया और उनसे क्षमादान पत्र लिखवा कर उन पत्रों को मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की कब्र में गड़वाया गया जिससे उसका परलोक सुधर जाय। इस प्रकार तख्त पर बैठते ही सुल्तान ने उदारता तथा सद्भावना का परिचय दिया जिससे उसे लोकप्रियता प्राप्त हो गई। उसने जनता पर लगाये जा रहे करों में से 23 करों को हटा दिया।
(4.) रिक्त राजकोष की पूर्ति: अब तक के सुल्तान राजकोष की पूर्ति जनता पर कर बढ़ाकर करते थे किंतु फीरोज ने कर बढ़ाने के स्थान पर व्यापार, कृषि एवं जागीरदारी व्यवस्था को चुस्त बनाने का प्रयास किया जिससे राजस्व में वृद्धि हो तथा सुल्तान के प्रति असंतोष भी नहीं बढ़े। उसके प्रयासों से जनता में खुशहाली आई, लोगों की आय बढ़ी तथा सरकार के कोष में भी धन की पर्याप्त आमदनी हुई।
(5.) अमीरों तथा उलेमाओं की सलाह से शासन: फीरोज ने अमीरों तथा उलेमाओं से परामर्श तथा सहायता लेकर शासन करना आरम्भ किया। फीरोज धार्मिक प्रवृत्ति का व्यक्ति था इसलिये उसने धर्म आधारित शासन का संचालन किया। इससे अमीर एवं उलेमा सुल्तान से संतुष्ट रहने लगे किंतु फीरोज कुछ ही दिनों में उलेमाओं के हाथ की कठपुतली बन गया।
(6.) खोये हुए प्रांतों को फिर से प्राप्त करने का प्रयास: मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के समय में हुए विद्रोहों के कारण दिल्ली सल्तनत के बहुत से प्रांत स्वतंत्र हो गये थे। फीरोज पर उन्हें फिर से सल्तनत में शमिल करने की जिम्मेदारी थी किंतु उसने इसके लिये विशेष प्रयास नहीं किये। उसने बंगाल पर विजय प्राप्त की किंतु मुस्लिम स्त्रियों का क्रन्दन सुन कर उसने बंगाल को अपनी सल्तनत में शामिल किये बिना ही छोड़ दिया। उसने जाजनगर, नगरकोट तथा सिंध पर आक्रमण करके उन्हें फिर से दिल्ली सल्तनत के अधीन किया।
(7.) शासन सुधार के लिये योग्य अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति: सल्तनत के शासन को सुचारू रीति से संचालित करने के लिये फीरोज ने योग्य तथा अनुभवी व्यक्तियों की नियुक्तियाँ की। उसने मलिक मकबूल को नायब वजीर के पद पर नियुक्त किया और उसे ‘खान-ए-जहाँ’ की उपाधि से विभूषित किया। भूमि-कर की समुचित व्यवस्था करने के लिए फीरोज ने ख्वाजा निजामुद्दीन जुनैद को नियुक्त किया। मलिक गाजी को ‘नायब आरिज’ के पद पर नियुक्त करके सेना के संगठन के कार्य सौंपा। मलिक गाजी शहना को सार्वजनिक निर्माण विभाग का कार्य दिया। इस प्रकार उसने शासन को सुचारू रीति से संचालित करने का प्रयास किया।
(8.) तख्त पर अधिकार पुष्ट करने के लिये खलीफा के नाम का प्रयोग: फीरोज तुगलक ने दिल्ली के तख्त पर अपने अधिकार को पुष्ट बनाने के लिये स्वयं को खलीफा का नायब घोषित कर दिया। उसने खुतबे तथा मुद्राओं में खलीफा के नाम के साथ-साथ अपना नाम भी खुदवाया।
निष्कर्ष: इस प्रकार फीरोज तुगलक ने अपनी कठिनाइयों पर विजय प्राप्त करने का प्रयास किया तथा धीरे-धीरे दिल्ली के तख्त पर अपनी स्थिति सुदढ़ कर ली।
फीरोज की युद्ध नीति
फीरोज तुगलक सामरिक प्रवृत्ति का सुल्तान नहीं था। इस कारण उसमें वीर सैनिकों जैसा साहस तथा उत्साह नहीं था। वह मुस्लिम स्त्रियों को करुण क्रंदन करते हुए नहीं देख सकता था इसलिये उसने विद्रोही प्रांतों को फिर से लेने का प्रयास नहीं किया। उसमें राज्य विस्तार की महत्वाकांक्षा भी नहीं थी। वह कोमल हृदय का व्यक्ति था। विजय दृष्टि-गोचर होने पर भी वह या तो पीछे हट जाता था या शत्रु से सन्धि कर लेता था। वह ऐसी धार्मिक प्रवृत्ति का व्यक्ति था कि रणस्थल में भी मुसलमानों का रक्तपात उसके लिये असह्य था। उलेमाओं के प्रभाव में होने के कारण फीरोज ने हिन्दू शासकों द्वारा शासित जाजनगर तथा नगरकोट को जीतने में पूरा उत्साह दिखाया।
बंगाल पर विजय
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के शासन काल के अन्तिम भाग में बंगाल ने दिल्ली से अपना विच्छेद कर लिया था। हाजी इलियास ने शमसुद्दीन इलियास शाह की उपाधि धारण करके स्वयं को बंगाल का स्वतंत्र शासक घोषित कर दिया था। फीरोज तुगलक ने बंगाल को फिर से दिल्ली सल्तनत के अधीन करने के लिये 1353 ई. में एक विशाल सेना के साथ बंगाल के लिए कूच किया। जब इलियास को फीरोज तुगलक के आने की सूचना मिली तो उसने अपने को इकदला के किले में बन्द कर लिया। फीरोज ने उसे किले से निकालने के लिये अपनी सेना को पीछे हटाना आरम्भ किया। जब उसकी सेना कई मील पीछे चली गई तो इलियास ने किले से बाहर निकलकर फीरोज की सेना का पीछा किया। अब सुल्तान की सेना लौट पड़ी। दोनों सेनाओं में घमासान युद्ध हुआ। फीरोज की सेना को विजय प्राप्त हुई। जब वह किले पर अधिकार स्थापित करने गया तो उसने मुस्लिम स्त्रियों को करुण क्रंदन सुना। जिसे सुनकर फीरोज दुर्ग पर अधिकार स्थापित किये बिना ही वहाँ से लौट पड़ा। जब शाही सेनापति तातार खाँ ने फीरोज तुगलक को परामर्श दिया कि वह बंगाल को अपने राज्य में मिला ले तो उसने यह कह कर टाल दिया कि बंगाल जैसे दलदली प्रान्त को दिल्ली सल्तनत में मिलाना बेकार है। इस प्रकार परिश्रम से प्राप्त हुई विजय को भी सुल्तान ने खो दिया और बंगाल स्वतन्त्र ही बना रहा।
जाजनगर पर विजय
बंगाल से लौटते समय सुल्तान ने जाजनगर, अर्थात वर्तमान उड़ीसा पर आक्रमण किया। जाजनगर के राजा ने सुल्तान की अधीनता स्वीकार कर ली और प्रतिवर्ष कुछ हाथी कर के रूप में भेजने का वचन दिया। इस युद्ध में सुल्तान ने अपनी धार्मिक कट्टरता तथा असहिष्णुता का परिचय दिया। उसने पुरी में भगवान जगन्नाथ के मन्दिर को नष्ट-भ्रष्ट करवा दिया और मूर्तियों को समुद्र में फिंकवा दिया। जाजनगर को जीतने के बाद मार्ग में बहुत से सामन्तों तथा भूमिपतियों पर विजय प्राप्त करता हुआ फीरोज तुगलक दिल्ली लौट आया।
नगरकोट पर विजय
मुहम्मद तुगलक के शासन काल के अन्तिम भाग में नगरकोट का राज्य स्वतन्त्र हो गया था। फीरोज ने फिर से नगरकोट को दिल्ली सल्तनत के अधीन करने का निश्चय किया। नगरकोट पर आक्रमण करने का एक और भी कारण था। नगरकोट राज्य में स्थित ज्वालामुखी का मन्दिर इन दिनों अपनी धन सम्पदा के लिए प्रसिद्ध था। इस मन्दिर में सहस्रों यात्री दर्शन के लिये आते थे और मूर्तिपूजा करते थे। यह बात फीरोज के लिए असह्य थी। इसलिये उसने नगरकोट पर आक्रमण कर दिया। नगरकोट के हिन्दू राजा ने छः महीने तक बड़ी वीरता से दुर्ग की रक्षा की किंतु अन्त में विवश होकर उसने फीरोज से संधि की प्रार्थना की। सुल्तान ने उसकी प्रार्थना को स्वीकार कर लिया तथा उससे विपुल धन लेकर अपनी सेना हटा ली। ज्वालामुखी मन्दिर से फीरोज को संस्कृत भाषा में लिखी हुई 1,300 पुस्तकें भी उपलब्ध हुईं। फीरोज ने उनमें से कुछ पुस्तकों का फारसी भाषा में अनुवाद करवाया।
सिन्ध पर विजय
मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के शासन काल के अन्तिम दिनों में सिंध में भयानक विद्रोह आरम्भ हो गया था। मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की मृत्यु सिंध के विद्रोह का दमन करते समय ज्वर से पीड़ित होकर थट्टा में हुई थी। फीरोज सिन्ध वालों की इस दुष्टता को भूला नहीं था। इसलिये 1371 ई. में उसने एक विशाल सेना के साथ सिन्ध के लिए प्रस्थान किया। इस अभियान में फीरोज को विशेष सफलता प्राप्त नहीं हुई परन्तु अन्त में सिन्ध के शासक ने सुल्तान से क्षमा याचना की। सुल्तान ने उसकी प्रार्थना को तुरन्त स्वीकार कर लिया और उसके भाई को सिन्ध का शासक बना दिया। बंगाल की भांति सिन्ध में भी फीरोज मुसलमानों के प्रति अपनी उदारता के कारण विफल रहा।
निष्कर्ष
उपरोक्त विवरण से यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि फीरोज की युद्ध नीति दो अलग भागों में बंटी हुई थी। हिन्दुओं के लिये अलग नीति थी तथा मुसलमानों के लिये अलग नीति थी। वह हिन्दुओं को नष्ट करना अपना कर्त्तव्य समझता था किंतु मुस्लिम औरतों का करुण क्रंदन नहीं सुन सकता था। उसके सैनिक युद्ध में प्राप्त विजय का भी उपभोग नहीं कर पाते थे क्योंकि फीरोज मुसलमानों के प्रति अपनी उदारता के कारण उसे खो देता था।
फीरोज तुगलक का शासन प्रबन्ध
फीरोज तुगलक शांत प्रकृति का सुल्तान था। इसलिये शासन सुधारों में उसकी विशेष रुचि थी। वह प्रजा के कल्याण की ओर विशेष रूप से ध्यान देता था परन्तु उलेमाओं के प्रभाव में होने के कारण धार्मिक संकीर्णता का शिकार था। इस कारण वह हिन्दुओं के साथ बड़ा अत्याचार करता था। फीरोज ने शासन सम्बन्धी निम्नलिखित सुधार किये-
(1.) स्वेच्छाचारी तथा निरंकुश शासन: अन्य मध्यकालीन मुसलमान शासकों की भांति फीरोज का शासन भी स्वेच्छाचारी तथा निरंकुश था। सुल्तान स्वयं राज्य का प्रधान था और वही प्रधान सेनापति था। सुल्तान के नीचे उसका प्रधानमन्त्री था जो सुल्तान को महत्वपूर्ण कार्यों में परामर्श देता था। फीरोज का प्रधानमंत्री खान-ए-जहाँ मकबूल योग्य व्यक्ति था। वह सुल्तान के साथ युद्ध स्थल में जाता था और कभी-कभी सुल्तान की अनुपस्थिति में दिल्ली के शासन का भार उसी के ऊपर रहता था। महत्वपूर्ण विषयों पर सलाह लेने के लिये सुल्तान दरबार का आयोजन करता था तथा अमीरों से परामर्श लेता था।
(2.) इस्लाम आधारित शासन: फीरोज में उच्च कोटि की धार्मिक कट्टरता थी। चूंकि उलेमाआंे के अनुरोध पर वह तख्त पर बैठा था, इसलिये वह समस्त कार्य उनकी सहायता तथा परामर्श से करता था। इस प्रकार फीरोज ने इस्लाम आधारित शासन की स्थापना की। वह कुरान के नियम के अनुसार शासन करता था। उसके शासन में हिन्दुओं को उतना लाभ नहीं हुआ जितना मुसलमानों को। श्रीराम शर्मा ने लिखा है- ‘फीरोज न तो अशोक था न अकबर जिन्होंने धार्मिक सहिष्णुता की नीति का अनुसरण किया था, वरन् वह औरंगजेब की भांति कट्टरपंथी था।’
(3.) सेना का प्रबन्ध: फीरोज में न तो उच्चकोटि के सैनिक गुण थे और न वह सामरिक प्रवृत्ति का सुल्तान था। इसलिये उसमें सैनिक संगठन की भी क्षमता नहीं थी। उसने साम्राज्य का सैनिक संगठन जाति-प्रथा के आधार पर किया था। स्थायी सैनिकों को जागीरें दी गई थीं। जो सैनिक अस्थायी रूप से काम करते थे, उन्हें सरकारी कोष से नकद वेतन दिया जाता था। कुछ ऐसे भी सैनिक थे जिन्हें किसी गांव की भूमि का एक भाग वेतन के रूप में मिलता था। घुड़सवारों को आदेश दिया गया कि वे उत्तम घोड़ों को सैनिक दफ्तर में लाकर रजिस्ट्री कराएं। घोड़ों के निरीक्षण के लिए नायब अर्जे मुमालिक की नियुक्ति की गई थी। मुसलमान सैनिकों के साथ दया दिखाई जाती थी। इस कारण वृद्ध, रुग्ण तथा अक्षम सैनिकों को भी सेना से अलग नहीं किया जाता था। फीरोज ने एक नया नियम बनवाया कि जब कोई सैनिक वृद्धावस्था के कारण असमर्थ हो जाए तो उसके स्थान पर उसके पुत्र अथवा दामाद या उसके गुलाम को रख लिया जाए। इस नियम का सेना की क्षमता पर विपरीत प्रभाव पड़ा। बहुत से योग्य सैनिकों का स्थान कमजोर सैनिकों ने ले लिया।
(4.) न्याय व्यवस्था: फीरोज कट्टर मुसलमान था। इसलिये उसने न्याय व्यवस्था कुरान के नियमों के आधार पर की थी। वह अपराधियों को दण्ड देने में संकोच नहीं करता था परन्तु उसने दण्ड विधान की कठोरता को हटा दिया। अंग-भंग करने के दण्ड पर रोक लगा दी गई। प्राणदण्ड भी बहुत कम दिया जाता था। सुल्तान की उदारता के कारण कई बार दण्ड के भागी लोग भी दण्ड पाने से बच जाते थे। शरीयत के नियमों के अनुसार न्याय किया जाता था। मुफ्ती कानून की व्याख्या करता था। फीरोज तुगलक के काल में न्याय उतना पक्षपात रहित तथा कठोर नहीं था जितना मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के शासन काल में।
(5.) मुद्रा की व्यवस्था: मुद्रा की समस्या के सुलझाने का कार्य मुहम्मद तुगलक के काल में ही आरम्भ हो गया था परन्तु पूरा नहीं हो सका था। फीरोज ने इस अधूरे कार्य को पूर्ण करने का प्रयत्न किया। उसने छोटे-छोटे मूल्य की मुद्राएं चलाईं जिनका प्रयोग छोटे व्यवसायों में हो सकता था। फीरोज धातु की शुद्धता पर विशेष रूप से ध्यान देता था परन्तु अधिकारियों की बेइमार्नी के कारण मुद्रा सम्बन्धी सुधार में विशेष सफलता नहीं मिली।
(6.) कर नीति: सल्तनत की आय का प्रमुख साधन भूमि कर था। भूमि कर के अतिरिक्त आय के अन्य साधन भी थे। चूंकि सुल्तान को सैनिक अभियानों पर धन व्यय नहीं करना था इसलिये उसे राजकोष भरने की उतनी चिन्ता नहीं थी जितनी प्रजा को सुखी बनाने की। उसने उन समस्त 23 करों को हटा लिया जिनसे प्रजा को कष्ट होता था। उसने कुरान के नियमानुसार जनता पर केवल चार कर- खिराज, जकात, जजिया तथा खाम को जारी रखे। युद्ध में मिला लूट का सामान सेना तथा राज्य में फिर उसी अनुपात में बंटने लगा जैसे कुरान द्वारा निश्चित किया गया है, अर्थात् पांचवां भाग राज्य को और शेष सेना को। सुल्तान की इस उदार नीति का अच्छा परिणाम हुआ। व्यापार तथा कृषि दोनों की उन्नति हुई। वस्तुओं का मूल्य कम हो गया और लोगों की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति होने लगी। सुल्तान की आय में वृद्धि हो गई और सुल्तान के पास इतना धन हो गया कि वह लोक सेवा के कार्यों को कर सके।
(7.) जागीर प्रथा: सम्पूर्ण दिल्ली सल्तनत फीफों में और प्रत्येक फीफ जिलों में विभक्त थी जिनके शासन के लिए विभिन्न अधिकारी नियुक्त किये जाते थे। इन अधिकारियों को सरकार की ओर से जागीरें मिलती थीं। अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने जागीर प्रथा को समाप्त कर दिया था। वह अपने अफसरों को नकद वेतन देता था किंतु मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक को यह प्रथा फिर से चलानी पड़ी थी। फीरोज तुगलक ने जागीर प्रथा को नियमित रूप से स्थापित कर दिया। इसका परिणाम सरकार के लिए बहुत बुरा हुआ। जब तुगलक वंश डगमगाने लगा तब ये जागीरदार अपने स्वतंत्र राज्य स्थापित करने का प्रयत्न करने लगे।
(8.) कृषि व्यवस्था: फीरोज तुगलक ने कृषि की ओर विशेष ध्यान दिया। उसने हिसामुद्दीन नामक व्यक्ति को लगान की जांच पड़ताल करने के लिए नियुक्त किया। हिसामुद्दीन ने 6 वर्ष तक राज्य के विभिन्न भागों का भ्रमण किया और किसानों की वास्तविक दशा का पता लगाया। कृषि की उन्नति के लिये हिसामुद्दीन की रिपोर्ट के आधार पर कई सुधार किये गये। इन सुधारों का ध्येय किसानों के कष्ट दूर करके उन्हें अधिक से अधिक सुविधायें देना था। फलतः जितने कष्टदायक कर थे, सब हटा दिये गए। फीरोज ने 23 करों को बन्द कर दिया। सरकारी मालगुजारी कम कर दी। किसानों का बोझ घटाने के लिए प्रान्तीय तथा स्थानीय अधिकारियों से धन के रूप में भेंट लेना बन्द कर दिया।
(9.) सिंचाई की व्यवस्था: वर्षा के अभाव के कारण प्रायः अकाल पड़ता था और प्रजा को कष्ट भोगना पड़ता था। इसलिये अनावृष्टि के समय सिंचाई करने के लिए फीरोज तुगलक ने चार नहरें बनवाईं। तारीखे मुबारकशाही के रचियता ने चार नहरों का उल्लेख किया है। इनमें से एक नहर सतलज से निकल कर घग्घर तक जाती थी। दूसरी नहर सिरमूर की पहाड़ियों के पास से निकल कर हांसी होती हुई हिसार फीरोजा तक जाती थी। तीसरी नहर घघ्घर से फीरोजाबाद तक और चौथी यमुना से निकलकर फीरोजाबाद के एक स्थान तक जाती थी। फीरोज तुगलक ने बहुत बड़ी संख्या में कुएं भी खुदवाये। सिंचाई की अच्छी व्यवस्था हो जाने से बेकार पड़ी भूमि पर भी खेती होने लगी। नहरों के निरीक्षण के लिए कुशल इंजीनीयर रखे गये। नदियों पर बांध भी बंधवाये गये। सिंचाई व्यवस्था अच्छी होने से किसानों की आय में वृद्धि हो गई। राज्य की ओर से सिंचाई सुविधा उलब्ध करवाये जाने के बदले में किसानों से उपज का दसवां भाग लिया जाता था।
(10.) बेकारी की समस्या: उन दिनों मध्यम श्रेणी के लोगों में बेकारी की समस्या ने विकराल रूप धारण कर लिया। नगरों में बेकार लोगों की संख्या इतनी बढ़ गई कि उनकी समस्या सुलझाने के लिये सुल्तान ने बेकारी उन्मूलन का अलग विभाग खोला। कोतवाल को आदेश दिया गया कि वह बेकार लोगों की सूची बनाये। बेकार लोगों को दीवान के पास आवेदन भेजना पड़ता था और योग्यतानुसार लोगों को काम दिया जाता था। शिक्षित व्यक्तियों को महल में नौकर रख लिया जाता था। जो लोग किसी अमीर का गुलाम बनना चाहते थे, उन्हें सिफारिशी चिट्ठियां दी जाती थीं।
(11.) औषधालय: फीरोज तुगलक को स्वयं औषधि विज्ञान का अच्छा ज्ञान था। उसने दिल्ली में एक ‘दारूलसफा’ (औषधालय) स्थापित करवाया जिसमें रोगियों को निःशुल्क औषधियां मिलती थीं। रोगियों के भोजन की व्यवस्था राज्य की ओर से की जाती थी और देख-भाल के लिये योग्य हकीमों को रखा जाता था।
(12.) यात्रियों की सहायता: मुस्लिम फकीरों तथा सुल्तानों की समाधियों के दर्शनार्थ जाने वाले यात्रियों को राज्य की ओर से दान देने की व्यवस्था की गई।
(13.) मुहम्मद के कार्यों का प्रायश्चित: फीरोज तुगलक को मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के प्रति बड़ी श्रद्धा थी। उसने मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक के पापों का प्रायश्चित करना आरम्भ किया। जिन व्यक्तियों को मुहम्मद ने प्राण दण्ड दिया था, अथवा जिन्हें अंग-भंग की सजा दी थी, फीरोज ने उन्हें अथवा उनके परिवार वालों को धन देकर उनसे क्षमापत्र प्राप्त किये जिन्हें एक सन्दूक में बन्द करके मुहम्मद बिन तुगलक की समाधि के सिरहाने रखा गया। जिन लोगों के गांव अथवा भूमि छिन गई थी, वह वापस लौटा दी गई।
(14.) गुलाम प्रथा: फीरोज के शासन काल में गुलामों का बाहुल्य था। इन गुलामों की दशा बड़ी ही दयनीय थी। फीरोज तुगलक ने उनकी दशा सुधारने का प्रयत्न किया। ये गुलाम युद्ध सैनिक होने के कारण असभ्य तथा अशिक्षित थे। इसलिये ये राज्य के लिये सहायक सिद्ध होने के स्थान पर राज्य के लिए भार बन गये थे। फिरोज ने इनके लिए एक अलग विभाग खोला और उसका नाम ‘दीवाने बन्दगान’ रखा। इस विभाग का एक अलग कोष तथा अलग दीवान होता था। सुल्तान ने 40,000 गुलामों को केन्द्र में रखा और उन्हें योग्यतानुसार विभिन्न विभागों में नियुक्त कर दिया। कुछ गुलामांे की शिक्षा की व्यवस्था की गई और कुछ को सुल्तान के अंग-रक्षकों में भर्ती कर लिया गया। शेष 1,60,000 गुलाम साम्राज्य के भिन्न-भिन्न भागों में भेज दिये गये और प्रांतीय गवर्नरों तथा अधिकारियों के संरक्षण में रखे गये।
(15.) शिक्षा तथा साहित्य: यद्यपि फीरोज स्वयं बहुत बड़ा विद्वान नहीं था परन्तु वह शिक्षा तथा साहित्य का पोषक था। उसने शिक्षा के प्रसार के लिए बहुत से मदरसे तथा मकतब खुलवाये। इन संस्थाओं को राज्य से सहायता मिलती थी। विद्यार्थियों को छात्रवृत्ति तथा अध्यापकों को पेंशन दी जाती थी। मकतबों को राज्य की ओर से भूमि मिलती थी। सुल्तान ने साहित्य सृजन को संरक्षण तथा सहायता प्रदान की। सुप्रसिद्ध इतिहासकार जियाउद्दीन बरनी ने अपनी पुस्तक तारीखे फीरोजशाही की रचना फीरोज तुगलक के शासन काल के प्रारंभिक भाग में की थी। शम्से सिराज अफीफ ने अपनी इतिहास की पुस्तक इसी काल में लिखी थी। धर्म तथा नीति पर इस काल में कई ग्रंथ लिखे गये। फीरोज ने बहुत से संस्कृत ग्रन्थों का अनुवाद कराया। मौलाना जलालुद्दीन रूमी इस काल का बहुत बड़ा तत्त्ववेत्ता था।
(16.) लोक सेवा के कार्य: फीरोज तुगलक के शासन काल में लोक सेवा के अनेक कार्य किये गये। निर्माण कार्य में सुल्तान की विशेष रुचि थी। उसने 1350 ई. में दिल्ली के निकट फीरोजाबाद नामक नगर स्थापित किया। उसके गौरव को बढ़ाने के लिए उसने अम्बाला तथा मेरठ जिले से लाकर अशोक के दो स्तम्भ लगवाये। फीरोज ने जौनपुर, फतेहाबाद तथा हिसार नामक नगरों का निर्माण करवाया। बरनी के अनुसार फीरोज ने 50 बांधों, 40 मस्जिदों, 30 कॉलेजों, 20 महलों, 100 सरायों, 200 नगरों, 30 झीलों, 100 औषधालयों, 5 मकबरों, 100 स्नानागारों, 10 स्तंभों, 40 सार्वजनिक कुओं तथा 150 पुलों का निर्माण करवाया। फीरोज को उपवन लगवाने का भी बड़ा शौक था। उसने दिल्ली के निकट 1,200 बाग लगवाये। अन्य कई स्थानों पर भी उसने बाग लगवाये। उसने अलाउद्दीन द्वारा बनवाये गये 30 उपवनों का जीर्णोद्धार करवाया।
(17.) राज दरबार तथा राज परिवार की व्यवस्था: फीरोज तुगलक का स्वभाव सरल एवं जीवन सादा था। उसके दरबार में अधिक तड़क-भड़क नहीं थी। ईद तथा शबेरात के अवसर पर अमीर लोग सज-धज कर आते थे। उनका बड़ा सम्मान होता था। इस आमोद-प्रमोद में धनी-गरीब, समस्त भाग लेते थे। राज्य परिवार की व्यवस्था को ‘कारखाना’ कहते थे। इसके अलग-अलग विभाग थे और इसके अलग-अलग पदाधिकारी तथा कर्मचारी होते थे। प्रत्येक कारखाने का अलग राजस्व विभाग होता था।
निष्कर्ष
फीरोजशाह तुगलक के समय दिल्ली सल्तनत की शासन व्यवस्था ठीक तरह से चलती रही। न तो उसके समय में कोई बड़ा विद्रोह हुआ और न उसके समय में कोई भयानक अकाल पड़ा किंतु उसकी उदार नीतियों के कारण सल्तनत की शासन-व्यवस्था शिथिल पड़ गई। मुसलमान सैनिकों का नैतिक पतन आरम्भ हो गया और उनकी आकांक्षा तथा उत्साह मन्द पड़ गये।
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