कांग्रेस का सविनय अवज्ञा आन्दोलन
सविनय अवज्ञा आन्दोलन के कारण
गांधीजी के नेतृत्व में कांग्रेस द्वारा आरम्भ किये गये सविनय अवज्ञा आन्दोलन के अनेक कारण थे-
(1.) सरकार द्वारा नेहरू रिपोर्ट को अस्वीकार किया जाना: नेहरू रिपोर्ट, भारत सचिव लॉर्ड ब्रेकन हेड की उस चुनौती के बाद तैयार की गई थी कि भारतीय ऐसी रिपोर्ट तैयार करके दिखायें जो समस्त पक्षों को स्वीकार्य हो। कुछ पक्षों के विरोध के बावजूद नेहरू रिपोर्ट का देशव्यापी स्वागत हुआ था। स्वयं ब्रिटिश राजनीतिज्ञ भी इसे पढ़कर आश्चर्य चकित रह गये थे। फिर भी वे भारत में उत्तरदायी शासन की स्थापना के लिये तैयार नहीं थे। सरकार द्वारा नेहरू रिपोर्ट को अस्वीकार कर दिये जाने के बाद भारतीय नेताओं के सामने संघर्ष के अतिरिक्त और कोई विकल्प ही नहीं बचा था।
(2.) विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मन्दी: 1929-1931 ई. की अवधि में विश्वव्यापी आर्थिक मन्दी का दौर था। भारत भी इससे अछूता नहीं रह गया था। देश की आर्थिक स्थिति शोचनीय हो गई थी और दैनिक उपयोग की वस्तुओं की कीमतों में भारी वृद्धि होती जा रही थी जिससे जनता में सरकार के विरुद्ध तीव्र असन्तोष फैल गया था।
(3.) सरकार की शोषणकारी आर्थिक नीतियाँ: ब्रिटिश नौकरशाही की गलत आर्थिक नीतियों से भारत में औद्योगिक एवं व्यापारिक वर्ग में तीव्र असंतोष फैलता जा रहा था। भारत सरकार द्वारा ब्रिटिश सरकार एवं अँग्रेज व्यापारियों को लाभ पहुँचाने के लिए रुपये के मूल्य में परिवर्तन किया गया जिससे देश का व्यापारी वर्ग असन्तुष्ट हो गया।
(4.) देश में बढ़ती हुई हिंसात्मक प्रवृत्ति: ब्रिटिश औद्योगिक क्रांति ने भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था को बुरी तरह चूसा था। उसके कारण भारत के कृषकों एवं श्रमिकों की स्थिति अत्यंत खराब हो गई थी। 1930 का दशक आते-आते, भारत के कृषक और श्रमिक अकाल, बेरोजगारी एवं कम उत्पादकता की समस्याओं से जूझ रहे थे। उन्हें अपनी विपन्नता से बाहर आने का मार्ग नहीं सूझ रहा था। जूट, कपड़ा, चाय और इस्पात उद्योगों में कार्यरत श्रमिक, अर्धनग्न अवस्था में आधे पेट खाकर दिन-रात हाड़ तोड़ परिश्रम करने को विवश थे। फिर भी उन पर अत्याचारों का सिलसिला जारी था। मेरठ-षड्यंत्र मुकदमे में 36 श्रमिक नेताओं को लम्बी अवधि की सजा दिये जाने के कारण श्रमिक वर्ग में उत्तेजना चरम पर थी। कृषकों और श्रमिकों के संगठित हो जाने से देश में बड़ी-बड़ी हड़तालों का तांता लग गया। उनके आन्दोलन हिंसात्मक रूप धारण करने लगे थे। नवयुवकों में भी हिंसात्मक प्रवृत्तियाँ दिखाई दे रही थीं। गांधीजी ने इस सम्बन्ध में वायसराय को पत्र लिखकर सूचित किया कि हमारा अहिंसात्मक आन्दोलन न केवल ब्रिटिश शासन की हिंसात्मक शक्ति का अपितु बढ़ते हुए हिंसात्मक दल का भी सामना करेगा। इस पर वायसराय ने गांधीजी पर आरोप लगाया कि वे अपने कार्यों से देश में अशान्ति उत्पन्न कर रहे हैं।
आन्दोलन आरम्भ करने से पूर्व, समझौते का प्रयास
फरवरी 1930 में कांग्रेस कार्य समिति ने गांधीजी को पूर्ण स्वराज्य प्राप्त करने के लिए सविनय अवज्ञा आन्दोलन आरम्भ करने का अधिकार दे दिया था किन्तु गांधीजी ने आन्दोलन आरम्भ करने के पूर्व एक बार पुनः सरकार से समझौते का प्रयास किया और लॉर्ड इरविन को 2 मार्च 1930 को एक पत्र लिखा जिसमें उन 11 मांगों का उल्लेख किया गया जो जनवरी 1930 में सरकार के समक्ष प्रस्तुत की गई थीं। पत्र में यह भी कहा गया कि यदि सरकार ने उन मांगों को पूरा नहीं किया तो वे 12 मार्च 1930 को नमक कानून का उल्लंघन करेंगे। कांग्रेस की 11 मांगें इस प्रकार से थीं-
(1.) रुपये की विनिमय दर घटाकर 1 शिलिंग 4 पेंस की जाये।
(2.) लगान आधा किया जाये।
(3.) सैनिक व्यय आधा किया जाये।
(4.) सिविल सेवा के अधिकारियों का वेतन आधा किया जाये।
(5.) रक्षात्मक शुल्क लगाये जायें और विदेशी कपड़ों का आयात नियंत्रित किया जाये।
(6.) तटीय यातायात रक्षा विधेयक पारित किया जाये।
(7.) गुप्तचर विभाग समाप्त कर दिया जाये या उस पर सार्वजनिक नियंत्रण हो।
(8.) भारतीयों को आत्मरक्षार्थ आग्नेय अस्त्र रखने के लिए लाइसेंस दिये जायें।
(9.) नमक पर सरकारी इजारेदारी और नमक टैक्स को खत्म किया जाये।
(10.) नशीली वस्तुओं का विक्रय बन्द किया जाये।
(11.) उन समस्त राजनैतिक बंदियों को रिहा किया जाये जिन्हें हत्या करने या हत्या का प्रयास करने के लिए दण्डित नहीं किया गया है।
वायसराय लॉर्ड इरविन ने गांधीजी के पत्र का कोई संतोषजनक उत्तर नहीं दिया। गांधीजी ने अपना पक्ष स्पष्ट करने के लिए वायसराय से भेंट करने की इच्छा व्यक्त की किन्तु वायसराय ने गांधीजी से मिलने से मना कर दिया।
सविनय अवज्ञा आन्दोलन का प्रथम चरण
दाण्डी कूच: 12 मार्च 1930 को गांधीजी ने 79 कार्यकर्ताओं के साथ साबरमती आश्रम से समुद्र तट पर स्थित दाण्डी की ओर पैदल कूच किया। 24 दिन की यात्रा में लगभग 200 मील की यात्रा पूरी की गई। इस दौरान पूरे मार्ग में गांधीजी ने जन-साधारण को अपने उद्देश्य की जानकारी दी। बहुत से लोग इस संदेश को सुनकर कांग्रेस के सदस्य बन गये। बहुत से लोगों ने सरकारी नौकरी छोड़ दी। 5 अप्रैल 1930 को गांधीजी और उनके साथी दाण्डी पहुंचे। 6 अपै्रल को आत्मशुद्धि के उपरान्त गांधीजी ने समुद्र के जल से नमक बनाकर, नमक कानून भंग किया।
आन्दोलन के कार्यक्रम: गांधीजी द्वारा नमक-कानून भंग करके देश को सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन आरम्भ करने का संदेश दिया गया। इसके बाद लोगों ने स्थान-स्थान पर कानूनों को तोड़ना आरम्भ कर दिया। गांधीजी ने इस आन्दोलन में कई कार्यों को सम्मिलित किया-
(1.) गांव-गांव में नमक कानून तोड़ा जाये।
(2.) छात्र, सरकारी स्कूलों को और कर्मचारी, सरकारी कार्यालयों को छोड़ दें।
(3.) स्त्रियां शराब, अफीम और विदेशी कपड़े की दुकानों पर धरना दें।
(4.) विदेशी कपड़ों को जलाया जाये।
(5.) लोग सरकार को टैक्स न दें।
(6.) हर घर में नौजवान और बूढ़े, तकली चलायें तथा सूत कातें।
(7.) हिन्दू छूआछूत को त्याग दें।
(8.) हिन्दू, मुसलमान, सिक्ख, पारसी और ईसाई, हृदय की एकता प्राप्त करें।
आन्दोलन की प्रगति: गांधीजी द्वारा नमक कानून तोड़ने के बाद बम्बई, बंगाल, संयुक्त प्रदेश, मध्य प्रदेश और मद्रास में गैर-कानूनी तरीके से नमक बनाना आरम्भ हो गया। दिल्ली में 1600 स्त्रियों ने शराब की दुकानों पर धरना दिया और बहुत-सी दुकानें बन्द हो गईं। स्त्रियों ने पर्दा त्यागकर इस आन्दोलन में भाग लिया। इन स्त्रियों को जेल में डाल दिया गया। विदेशी कपड़े के बहिष्कार का कार्यक्रम आशा से भी अधिक सफल रहा। बम्बई में अँग्रेज उद्योगपतियों की 16 कपड़ा मिलें बन्द हो गयीं तथा भारतीय मिलें तेजी से काम करने लगीं। धारासना में 2500 सत्याग्रहियों ने नमक के गोदाम पर पंक्तिबद्ध होकर चढ़ाई कर दी। पुलिस ने उनकी निर्ममता से पिटाई की, जिससे अनेक व्यक्ति बुरी तरह से घायल हो गये।
न्यू फ्रीमेन समाचार पत्र के संवाददाता वेब मिलर ने लिखा- ‘धरासना के समान पीड़जनक दृश्य मैंने कभी नहीं देखे। कभी-कभी तो ये क्षण इतने दुःखद हो जाते थे कि क्षण भर के लिए आंख फेर लेनी पड़ती थी। स्वयं-सेवकों का अनुशासन अत्यंत अद्भुत था।’ किसानों ने कर नहीं चुकाने का आन्दोलन चलाया। किसान आन्दोलन ने संयुक्त प्रदेश के अवध क्षेत्र में बड़ा उग्र रूप धारण कर लिया। 1931 ई. के आरम्भ तक सम्पूर्ण अवध क्षेत्र में 1,60,000 किसानों को भूमि से बेदखल कर दिया गया। कपास पैदा करने वाले बरार के बुलडाना अंचल में भी किसानों के लगानबंदी आन्दोलन ने उग्र रूप धारण कर लिया। 200 से अधिक कृषक नेताओं को बंदी बना लिया गया। इसी प्रकार, कर्नाटक के कन्नड़ (कनारा) जिले के किसानों ने भी बढ़-चढ़ कर आन्दोलन में भाग लिया।
इस प्रकार इस आन्दोलन ने करबंदी, लगानबंदी, शराबबंदी, नमक सत्याग्रह, जंगल सत्याग्रह, गांजा, भांग और विदेशी कपड़ों की दुकानों पर धरना, सरकारी स्कूलों, कॉलेजों और आदालतों के बहिष्कार, सरकारी कार्यक्रमों से असहयोग आदि अनेक कार्यक्रम आयोजित किये गये। पुलिस तथा सेना की ज्यादतियों के बावजूद सत्याग्रहियों की संख्या प्रतिदिन बढ़ती चली गई। 16 अप्रैल 1930 को जवाहरलाल नेहरू तथा अन्य महत्त्वपूर्ण कांग्रेसी नेताओं को जेल में डाल दिया गया। 5 मई को गांधीजी को भी गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया। गांधीजी की गिरफ्तारी के विरोध में 6 मई को देशव्यापी हड़ताल हुई जिसमें बम्बई के मजदूरों ने महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई।
भारत की गोरी सरकार ने इस आन्दोलन को कुचलने के लिए क्रूरता का सहारा लिया। सम्पूर्ण पश्चिमोत्तर प्रदेश, संयुक्त प्रदेश, बम्बई प्रेसीडेन्सी, बंगाल और पंजाब के अनेक जिलों में मार्शल लॉ लागू कर दिया गया। सभाओं और जुलूसों पर रोक लगा दी गई। लगानबंदी के जुर्म में कठोर सजा का प्रावधान किया गया। आंदोलनकारियों पर गोली चलाने और लाठी बरसाने का रास्ता अपनाया गया। जून 1930 में कांग्रेस और उससे सम्बन्धित समस्त संगठन गैर-कानूनी घोषित कर दिये गये। सरकारी आंकड़ों के अनुसार एक वर्ष में 60,000 और कांग्रेस के आंकड़ों के अनुसार 90,000 लोगों को सजा दी गई जिनमें स्त्रियां और बच्चे भी थे।
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